Limitation of the Freedom of Expression within the United Kingdom with respect to the concept of Militant Democracy

Authors

  • Eva Celkova postgraduate of PhD. study of the Law Faculty, lawyer

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62874/afi.2024.1.02

Keywords:

freedom of expression, militant democracy, Hate speech/expression, Extremist speech/expression

Abstract

The significant increase in migration to European democracies over the last decade has brought with it an increase in the popularity of extremist speech, or expressions that spread concerns of possible terrorism. Radicalisation of opinions reflects in the related organized groups that exploit current problems for their political and social benefit. All the more, the topic of militant democracy and related interventions into democratic rights and freedoms, especially tuhe freedom of expression, is more current and it is necessary to pay due attention to it. Paradoxically, British democracy, situated in the middle of the struggle of continental democracies to preserve their democratic essence, prides itself on rejecting this concept and strives for the unrestricted dissemination of opinions, regardless of whether the speech is offensive, defamatory, shocking, or promotes the ideas of totalitarian regimes, or is even racist or discriminatory. Does British democracy really not defend itself from extremist expression? The paper aims to analyze the conditions under which freedom of expression is restricted in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the point of view of the concept of militant democracy and the rights associated with this right, namely freedom of association and assembly.

References

1. ALDER, J. 2007. Constitutional and Administrative Law, 6th edn. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 559 p. ISBN 978-0-230-01345-2.

2. BERLIN, I. 1998. The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays. London: Pimlico, 1998. 667 p.

3. BÓDIŠOVÁ, L. 2013. Právny štát v podmienkach právneho systému Common Law. In Oslava Právneho štátu (Právny štát z pohľadu teórie štátu a práva a medzinárodného práva). Zborník príspevkov zo študentskej rozpravy konanej dňa 24. apríla 2013 na Právnickej fakulte UPJŠ v Košiciach. Košice: Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach, 2013. 104 s. ISBN: 978-80-8152-021-1.

4. CLAYTON, R., TOMLINSON, H. 2009. The Law of Human Rights. 2. Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 3000 s. ISBN 978-0-19-926355-4.

5. DAHL, R. A. 1966. The American Oppositions: Affirmation And Denial, in Political Oppositions in Western Democracies.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966. 458 s.

6. DORRIL, S. 2007. Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley and British Fascism. London: Penguin Books, 2007. 717 p. ISBN: 9780140258219.

7. EVENDEN-KENYON, E. Educating the English: the role of universities in tackling hate speech and Islamaphobia in post-EU-Referendum Britain. In Editiones Complutense. ISSN-e-1989-5917. Pap. Eur. 32(2) 2019, s.129-144.

8. HART, J. 2002. Svoboda projevu v USA a v Evropě. In Právní rozhledy. ISSN 1210-6410. 2002, roč. 10, č. 1, s. 28-32.

9. LACEY, N. 2004. A Life of H.L.A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 456 p. ISBN: 9780199202775.

10. LOEWENSTEIN, K. 1937. Militant Democracy and Fundamental Rights, I. In The American Political Science Review [online]. 1937, vol. 31, no. 3. s. 652 - 657 [cit. 2016-01-11]. Dostupné na internete: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1948164.

11. LOEWENSTEIN, K. 1938. Militant Democracy and Fundamental Rights, II. In The American Political Science Review [online]. 1938, vol. 38, no. 35. s. 725 - 774. [cit. 2016-01-11]. Dostupné na internete: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1948164.

12. LOEWENSTEIN, K. 1938. Legislative Control of Political Extremism in European Democracies II. In Columbia Law Review. May 1938, vol. 38, č. 35. s. 725 - 774.

13. MACKLEM, P. 2005. Militant Democracy, Legal Pluralism and the Paradox of Self-Determination: Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-03. Toronto: University of Toronto, Faculty of Law [online]. 2005, 40 s. [cit. 2016-01-26]. Dostupné na internete: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=702465.

14. MAREŠ, M. – VÝBORNÝ, Š. 2013. Militantní demokracie ve střední Evropě. Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury, 2013. 249 s. ISBN: 9788073253264.

15. MARR, A. 2009. A History of Modern Britain. London: Macmillan. 640 p. ISBN: 9780330513296.

16. MERSEL, Y. 2006. The Dissolution of Political Parties: The Problem of Internal Democracy. In International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2006. [online]. 2006, vol. 4, no. 1, str. 84 – 113. [cit. 2016-12-25]. Dostupné na internete: http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/1/84.full. ISSN 1474-2659.

17. PHILLIPS, M. 2006. Londonistan: How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within. London: Gibson Square, 2006. 212 p. ISBN: 1594031975.

18. POSNER, R. A. 2006. Not A Suicide Pact: The Constitution in a Time of Emergency. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 208 s. ISBN: 9780195304275.

19. POSTEMA, G. J. 1986. Bentham and the Common Law Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 490 s. ISBN: 0198255055.

20. RAWLS, J. 1999. The Theory of Justice. Revised Edt. Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, 1999. 538 s. ISBN: 0-674-00077-3.

21. RAZ, J. 1986. The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986. 434 s. ISBN: 9780198248071.

22. THIEL, M. 2009. The „Militant Democracy“ Principle in the Modern Democracies. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. 439 s. ISBN: 0754671836.

23. TURPIN, C. TOMKINS, A. 2007. British Government and the Constitution, 6th edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 797 p. ISBN: 9780521690294.

24. VÝBORNÝ, Š. 2012. Konceptualizace bránící se demokracie. In Právník. ISSN: 0231-6625, 2012, roč. 151, č. 5, 441-452 s.

25. VÝBORNÝ, Š. 2012. Koncept bránící se demokracie v judikatuře Ústavního soudu ČR. In Časopis pro právní vědu a praxi. ISSN: 1210-9126, 2012, roč. 20, č. 2, s. 157-163.

26. WADE, E.C.S., BRADLEY, A. W. 1985. Constitutional and Administrative Law, 10. vydanie. Harlow: Longman. 758 s. ISBN: 0582491258.

27. YONAH, A., BRENNER, E. H. 2003. The United Kingdom´s Legal Responses to Terrorism. London: Cavendish Publishing, Ltd., 2003. 808 s. ISBN 1-859411-787-6.

Downloads

Published

2024-07-02

Issue

Section

scientific articles